关于济南塑料袋的加工工艺要注意什么？

来源：http://www.jingmeisuliao.com/ 日期：2025-02-25

在现代生活中，塑料袋几乎无处不在，从购物到日常包装，它为我们提供了极大的便利。但它也引发了诸多环境问题，让我们一起来深入了解塑料袋。

In modern life, plastic bags are almost everywhere, from supermarket shopping to daily packaging, providing us with great convenience. But it has also caused many environmental problems, let's delve into plastic bags together.

一、定义与成分

1、 Definition and Composition

塑料袋是以通用塑料树脂为主要原料，或塑料与其他材料复合制成的袋制品。其主要成分包括：

Plastic bags are bag products made primarily from general-purpose plastic resins or composite plastics with other materials. Its main components include:

合成树脂：这是塑料袋的基础成分，常见的有聚乙烯（PE）、聚丙烯（PP）、聚氯乙烯（PVC） 等。聚乙烯又可细分为高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）、低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）等。HDPE 质地较硬，常用于制作装重物的袋子；LDPE 则柔软有韧性，像常见的购物袋多由它制成。PP 具有良好的耐热性和耐腐蚀性，常被用于食品包装。而 PVC 虽有较好的机械强度和耐化学腐蚀性，但热稳定性差，高温下可能分解出有毒物质，在食品包装领域应用受限 。

Synthetic resin: This is the basic component of plastic bags, commonly including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), etc. Polyethylene can be further divided into high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), etc. HDPE has a relatively hard texture and is commonly used to make bags for carrying heavy objects; LDPE is soft and tough, and is commonly used to make supermarket shopping bags. PP has good heat resistance and corrosion resistance, and is often used in food packaging. Although PVC has good mechanical strength and chemical corrosion resistance, it has poor thermal stability and may decompose into toxic substances at high temperatures, which limits its application in the field of food packaging.

添加剂：为了改善塑料袋的性能，会添加多种添加剂。比如增塑剂，能增加塑料的柔韧性和可塑性，邻苯二甲酸酯类是常用的增塑剂，但部分增塑剂对人体健康有潜在危害 ；稳定剂可提高塑料在加工和使用过程中的稳定性，防止其受热、光等因素影响而分解；着色剂赋予塑料袋各种颜色，不过一些劣质着色剂可能含有有害物质；填充剂能降低成本，还可改善塑料的某些性能，如提高耐热性等；阻燃剂则赋予塑料袋抗火能力 。

Additives: In order to improve the performance of plastic bags, various additives are added. For example, plasticizers can increase the flexibility and plasticity of plastics. Phthalates are commonly used plasticizers, but some plasticizers have potential harm to human health; Stabilizers can improve the stability of plastics during processing and use, preventing them from decomposing due to factors such as heat and light; Colorants give plastic bags various colors, but some inferior colorants may contain harmful substances; Fillers can reduce costs and improve certain properties of plastics, such as increasing heat resistance; Flame retardants endow plastic bags with fire resistance.

二、种类与用途

2、 Type and purpose

塑料购物袋：常见的类型，一般由 LDPE 或 PP 制成，用于日常购物时盛装物品，方便携带 。

Plastic shopping bag: The most common type, usually made of LDPE or PP, used for daily shopping to hold items and facilitate carrying.

塑料手提袋：带有手提带，常用于快餐外卖、礼品包装等。通常采用厚膜 HDPE 制作，比普通购物袋更牢固耐用 。

Plastic tote bag: with a carrying strap, commonly used for fast food delivery, gift packaging, etc. Usually made of thick film HDPE, it is more sturdy and durable than ordinary shopping bags.

塑料食品袋：专门用于包装食品，像透明塑料袋、真空塑料袋、拉链袋等。多使用食品级的 LDPE 或 PP，有良好的密封性，能保证食品的新鲜度和卫生 。

Plastic food bags: specifically used for packaging food, such as transparent plastic bags, vacuum plastic bags, zipper bags, etc. Use food grade LDPE or PP more often, which have good sealing properties and can ensure the freshness and hygiene of food.

塑料垃圾袋：用于收集和丢弃垃圾，有各种容量和尺寸，颜色多样，便于垃圾分类和识别 。

Plastic garbage bags: used for collecting and disposing of garbage, with various capacities and sizes, diverse colors, and easy garbage classification and identification.

塑料封袋：可密封，常用于包装小件物品、文具、化妆品等，有透明的或带有印刷图案的，具备一次性封口功能 。

Plastic sealing bag: It can be sealed and is commonly used for packaging small items, stationery, cosmetics, etc. It has transparent or printed patterns and has a disposable sealing function.

可降解塑料袋：以生物降解塑料树脂为主要原料，如聚乳酸（PLA）、聚己二酸 / 对苯二甲酸丁二酯（PBAT）等。在自然环境中能被微生物分解为无害物质，能有效减少对环境的污染。选购时可查看产品标识上是否有可降解的 JJ 标志，以及材质说明是否为可降解塑料 。

Degradable plastic bags: mainly made of biodegradable plastic resins such as polylactic acid (PLA), poly (adipic acid/butylene terephthalate) (PBAT), etc. It can be decomposed into harmless substances by microorganisms in the natural environment, effectively reducing pollution to the environment. When making a purchase, you can check whether there is a biodegradable JJ logo on the product label and whether the material description is made of biodegradable plastic.

三、加工工艺

3、 Processing technology

原料准备：传统塑料袋原料多从石油副产品中提炼，呈颗粒状。如今也有从玉米淀粉或土豆淀粉中提炼的可生物降解原料，这种原料既能减少对石油等能源的依赖，又能降低环境污染 。

Raw material preparation: Traditional plastic bag raw materials are mostly extracted from petroleum by-products and are in granular form. Nowadays, there are also biodegradable raw materials extracted from corn starch or potato starch, which can reduce dependence on energy sources such as oil and reduce environmental pollution.

熔融塑化：将塑料颗粒送入挤出机，在高温下加热熔融状态，使其成为可塑形的流体 。

Melt plasticization: sending plastic particles into an extruder and heating them to a molten state at high temperatures, making them a moldable fluid.

成型：

forming:

吹模成型：这是常见的方法，将熔融的塑料通过特定模具挤出成管状，然后向管内吹气，使其膨胀成中空的袋状结构，冷却后即形成塑料袋 。

Blow molding: This is a common method of extruding molten plastic into a tube shape through a specific mold, and then blowing air into the tube to expand it into a hollow bag like structure. After cooling, the plastic bag is formed.

注塑成型：把熔化的塑料注入模具型腔，经冷却固化成型 。

Injection molding: Injecting melted plastic into the mold cavity, cooling and solidifying it into shape.

热压成型：利用热和压力使塑料片材成型 。

Hot pressing: Using heat and pressure to shape plastic sheets.

挤压成型：原料在螺杆的推动下通过特定模具，形成连续的塑料制品 。

Extrusion molding: Raw materials are pushed through a specific mold by a screw to form continuous plastic products.

后续处理：包括冷却、拉伸（增强薄膜强度和耐用性）、卷膜、切割、封口、印刷（添加标识、图案或文字）等步骤，进行质量检查，确保尺寸、厚度、印刷质量以及封口强度等符合标准 。

Subsequent processing: including cooling, stretching (to enhance film strength and durability), film rolling, cutting, sealing, printing (adding brand logo, pattern or text), etc. Finally, quality inspection is carried out to ensure that the size, thickness, printing quality, and sealing strength meet the standards.

四、优缺点

4、 Advantages and disadvantages

优点

advantage

质轻便携：重量轻，方便携带和使用，无论是购物还是日常生活中的物品收纳都很便利 。

Lightweight and portable: Lightweight, easy to carry and use, convenient for both shopping and daily storage of items.

成本低廉：原料易得，生产工艺相对简单，成本较低，这使得它能够广泛应用 。

Low cost: The raw materials are easily available, the production process is relatively simple, and the cost is low, which makes it widely applicable.

防水隔气：具有良好的防水和隔气性能，可有效保护所装物品不受潮、不被氧化 。

Waterproof and gas barrier: It has good waterproof and gas barrier properties, which can effectively protect the contents from moisture and oxidation.

强度较高：在一定程度上能承受一定重量的物品，不易破裂 。

High strength: objects that can withstand a certain weight to a certain extent and are not easily broken.

用途广泛：适用于各种领域，从日常生活到工业生产都离不开它 。

Widely applicable: Suitable for various fields, from daily life to industrial production, it is indispensable.

缺点

disadvantage

难降解：在自然环境中很难降解，可能需要数十年甚数百年才能分解，这导致大量塑料袋堆积，对土壤、海洋等造成严重污染 。

Difficult to degrade: It is difficult to degrade in natural environments and may take decades or even hundreds of years to decompose, leading to a large accumulation of plastic bags and causing serious pollution to soil, oceans, and other areas.

易飘散：体积轻，容易被风吹起，造成视觉污染，还可能被动物误食，危害动物健康和生命 。

Easy to scatter: light in size, easily blown by the wind, causing visual pollution, and may also be ingested by animals, endangering animal health and life.

存在隐患：部分塑料袋含有有害物质，如再生塑料袋使用的着色剂可能含有苯并芘，有致癌风险；塑化剂在接触高温、油脂食品时会溶出，危害人体健康 。非食品用塑料袋中的聚氯乙烯，加热后会产生二恶英等有害物质 。

There are safety hazards: some plastic bags contain harmful substances, such as the coloring agent used in recycled plastic bags may contain benzo [a] pyrene, which poses a carcinogenic risk; Plasticizers can dissolve when exposed to high temperatures and oily foods, posing a threat to human health. Polyvinyl chloride in non food plastic bags can produce harmful substances such as dioxins when heated.

五、问题与应对措施

5、 Environmental Protection Issues and Countermeasures

问题：塑料袋带来的 “白色污染” 日益严重，大量废弃塑料袋堆积在土地中，影响土壤透气性和肥力，阻碍植物根系生长；流入海洋后，威胁海洋生物的生存，被海洋生物误食会导致其生病甚死亡 。

Environmental issues: The "white pollution" caused by plastic bags is becoming increasingly serious. A large number of discarded plastic bags are piled up in the soil, affecting soil permeability and fertility, and hindering plant root growth; After entering the ocean, it poses a threat to the survival of marine organisms, and being ingested by marine organisms can lead to illness or even death.

应对措施：

Response measures:

政策法规：许多和地区出台了相关政策，如 “限塑令”“禁塑令”。2007 年 12 月 31 日，颁布 “限塑令”，自 2008 年 6 月 1 日起，在全国范围内禁止生产、销售、使用厚度小于 0.025 毫米的塑料购物袋 ，并在所有销售场所实行塑料购物袋有偿使用制度 。

Policies and regulations: Many countries and regions have introduced relevant policies, such as "plastic restriction orders" and "plastic ban orders". On December 31, 2007, China issued the "Plastic Restriction Order", which prohibited the production, sale, and use of plastic shopping bags with a thickness less than 0.025 millimeters nationwide from June 1, 2008, and implemented a paid use system for plastic shopping bags in all sales venues.

推广可降解塑料袋：鼓励使用可降解塑料袋，加大对可降解塑料研发和生产的支持力度，降低成本，提高其市场占有率 。

Promote biodegradable plastic bags: Encourage the use of biodegradable plastic bags, increase support for the research and production of biodegradable plastics, reduce costs, and increase their market share.

提高公众意识：通过宣传教育，提高公众对塑料袋危害的认识，倡导减少使用塑料袋，使用袋等替代品 。

Raise public awareness of environmental protection: Through publicity and education, raise public awareness of the hazards of plastic bags, advocate reducing the use of plastic bags, and using environmentally friendly alternatives such as bags.

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